STARS N' STRIPES

William Barret Travis
August 9, 1809(1809-08-09)  – March 6, 1836 (aged 26)
William B. Travis. This sketch by Wiley Martin is the only surviving one known to have been drawn during Travis's lifetime, although the accuracy of the likeness has been questioned.[1]]]
Place of birth	Saluda County, South Carolina (USA)
Place of death	The Alamo, San Antonio, Republic of Texas
Allegiance	United States of America Republic of Texas
Service/branch	Republic of Texas forces
Years of service	1835, 1836
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Unit	Texian Army
Commands held	The Alamo, San Antonio
Battles/wars	Siege of the Alamo

William B. Travis, painted by H. A. McArdle, years after Travis's death, using a stand-in as a model.

William Barret Travis (August 9, 1809 – March 6, 1836) was a 19th century American lawyer and soldier. At the age of 26, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Texian Army, and commanded the Republic of Texas forces and died at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution from the Republic of Mexico.

[edit] Family life

He was born in Saluda County, South Carolina, to Mark and Jemima Travis in 1809; records differ as to whether his date of birth was the first or ninth of August, but the Travis family Bible indicates that he was born on the ninth.

At the age of nine, he moved with his family to the town of Sparta in Conecuh County, Alabama, where he received much of his education. He later enrolled in a school in nearby Claiborne, where he eventually worked as an assistant teacher.

Travis then became an attorney and, at age 19, married one of his former students, 16-year-old Rosanna Cato (1812-1848), on October 26, 1828. The couple stayed in Claiborne and had a son, Charles Edward, in 1829. Travis began publication of a newspaper that same year, the Claiborne Herald. He became a Mason, joining the Alabama Lodge No.3 - Free and Accepted Masons, and later joined the Alabama militia as adjutant of the Twenty-sixth Regiment, Eighth Brigade, Fourth Division.

For unknown reasons, Travis fled Alabama in early 1831 to start over in Texas, leaving behind his wife, son, and unborn daughter. Travis and Rosanna were officially divorced by the Marion County courts on January 9, 1836 by Act no. 115. Their son was placed with Travis's friend, David Ayres, so that he would be closer to his father.

Rosanna married Samuel G. Cloud in Monroeville, Alabama, on February 14, 1836; she subsequently married David Y. Portis in 1843 in Texas (they both died of Yellow Fever in 1848).

[edit] Texas

Birth/Death dates plaque at Alamo

In May 1831, upon his arrival in Mexican Texas, a part of Northern Mexico at the time, Travis purchased land from Stephen F. Austin and started a law practice in Anahuac. He played a role in the growing friction between American settlers and the Mexican government and was one of the leaders of the "War Party," a group of militants opposed to Mexican rule. He became a pivotal figure in the Anahuac Disturbances, which helped to precipitate the war.

The Texas Revolution started in October 1835 at the Battle of Gonzales. Travis took a small part in the Siege of Bexar in November. On 19 December, Travis was commissioned as a lieutenant colonel of the Legion of Cavalry and became the chief recruiting officer for the Texan army. This force was to consist of 384 men and officers, divided into six companies. Despite his rank, Travis now had to actively recruit the men who were to serve under his command, and he had a hard time finding willing colonists to enlist. "Volunteers can no longer be had or relied upon ...," he wrote to acting governor Henry Smith.

Smith ordered Travis to raise a company to reinforce the Texians at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio. Travis seriously considered disobeying his orders, writing to Smith: "I am willing, nay anxious, to go to the defense of Bexar, but sir, I am unwilling to risk my reputation ... by going off into the enemy's country with such little means, so few men, and with them so badly equipped."^[2]

David Crockett
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 9th district
In office 1827 – 1831
Preceded by	Adam Rankin Alexander
Succeeded by	William Fitzgerald
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 12th district
In office 1833 – 1835
Preceded by	(none)
Succeeded by	Adam Huntsman
Born	August 17, 1786(1786-08-17) Greene County, Tennessee
Died	March 6, 1836 (aged 49) Alamo Mission, San Antonio, Republic of Texas
Political party	Anti-Jacksonian
Spouse	Polly Finley (1806 - 1815) her death Elizabeth Patton (1815-1836) his death
Occupation	Pioneer, Soldier, Trapper, Explorer, State Assembly man, Congressman
Religion	Christian

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David Stern Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was a celebrated 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician; referred to in popular culture as Davy Crockett and often by the epithet “King of the Wild Frontier.” He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the Battle of the Alamo. His nickname was the stuff of legend, but in life he shunned the title “Davy” and referred to himself exclusively as “David.”^[1][2]

[edit] Ancestry and birth

Crockett was born on August 17, 1786, but the location is disputed, with his birthplace given as near the Nolichucky River in Greene County, Tennessee; in Limestone Cove, Washington County, North Carolina; or in Hawkins County, Tennessee.^[3] A recreation of his birthplace cabin stands in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park on the Nolichucky River near Limestone, Tennessee.^[4] His father's ancestors were of Scots-Irish and Anglo-Irish descent, while his mother's ancestors appear to have been exclusively English.^{[citation needed]} Tradition has it that David Crockett's father was born on this family's migrational voyage to America from Ireland, but, in fact, it is his great-grandfather, William David Crockett, who was registered as being born in New Rochelle in 1709.^[5]

The Crocketts were the descendants of Monsieur de la Croquetagne, captain in the Royal Guard of the king of France, Louis XIV^[6]. As a Huguenot, he or his descendants eventually fled France in the 17th century and migrated to Ireland.

David Crockett was the fifth of nine children of John and Rebecca Hawkins Crockett. He was named after his paternal grandfather, who was killed at his home in present-day Rogersville, Tennessee, by Native Americans in 1775. His father, John, was one of the Overmountain Men who fought in the American Revolutionary War at the Battle of Kings Mountain. The Crocketts moved to Morristown, Tennessee, sometime during the 1790s and built a tavern. A museum now stands on this site and is a reconstruction of that tavern.^[7]

[edit] Childhood

According to Crockett's autobiography, his early years were filled with adventure, hardship, and travelling. In 1794, he told his father he wanted to hunt with a rifle. John Crockett said he couldn't afford to waste rifle balls on "a boy's missed shots". David promised to make every shot count, and began to hunt with his older brothers. Shortly after being sent to school, he dropped out to run away from home and avoid an unfair beating at the hands of his father. According to Crockett he apparently had "whupped the tar" out of a school bully who had embarrassed him on his first day in class and, to avoid a whipping at the hands of the school teacher, began skipping school. After several weeks the teacher wrote to Crockett's father asking why his son wasn't attending class. When questioned Crockett explained the situation to his father who apparently was angered that family trade goods exchanged for his son's education had gone to waste and refused to listen to his son's side of the story. Crockett ran away from home to avoid the expected beating and spent three years roaming from town to town. During this period Crockett reports that he visited most of the towns and villages throughout Tennessee and learned the majority of his skills as a backwoodsman, hunter and trapper.

Around his 15th birthday Crockett returned home unannounced. During the years of his travels his father had opened a tavern and Crockett had stopped for a meal. He was unnoticed by most of his family, but his older sister, Betsy, recognized him and cried, "Here is my lost brother! Look! He is home!" Much to Crockett's surprise, the entire family (including his father) were more than happy to see him and Crockett was welcomed back into the family. His father owed money, so he hired Crockett out to John Kennedy, a farmer. During this time, he fell in love with Kennedy's niece, who was already married.

Contract of marriage for October

James Bowie
April 10, 1796(1796-04-10) – March 6, 1836 (aged 39)
Nickname	Jim Bowie
Place of birth	Logan County, Kentucky (USA)
Place of death	The Alamo, San Antonio, Republic of Texas
Allegiance	United States of America Republic of Texas
Service/branch	Texas Rangers, Republic of Texas Militia
Years of service	1835, 1836
Rank	Colonel
Unit	Texian volunteer army
Commands held	The Alamo, San Antonio
Battles/wars	Battle of Nacogdoches Battle of Concepcion Siege of the Alamo

James "Jim" Bowie (April 10, 1796  – March 6, 1836), a nineteenth-century American pioneer and soldier, played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution, culminating in his death at the Battle of the Alamo. Countless stories of him as a fighter and frontiersman, both real and fictitious, have made him a legendary figure in Texas history.

Born in Kentucky, Bowie spent most of his life in Louisiana, where he was raised and later worked as a land speculator. His rise to fame began in 1827 on reports of the Sandbar Fight. What began as a duel between two other men deteriorated into a melee in which Bowie, having been shot and stabbed, killed the sheriff of Rapides Parish with a large knife. This and other stories of Bowie's prowess with the knife led to the widespread popularity of the Bowie knife.

Bowie's reputation was cemented by his role in the Texas Revolution. After moving to Texas in 1830, Bowie became a Mexican citizen and married the daughter of the vice governor of the province. His fame in Texas grew following his failed expedition to find the lost San Saba mine, where his small party repelled an attack by a large Indian raiding party. At the outbreak of the Texas Revolution, Bowie joined the Texas militia, leading forces at the Battle of Concepcion and the Grass Fight. In January 1836, he arrived at the Alamo, where he commanded the volunteer forces until an illness left him bedridden. Bowie died with the other Alamo defenders on March 6. Despite conflicting accounts of the manner of his death, the "most popular, and probably the most accurate"^[1] accounts maintain that he died in his bed after emptying his pistols into several Mexican soldiers.

[edit] Early years

James Bowie, born April 10, 1796 in Logan County, Kentucky (USA), was the ninth of ten children born to Rezin Bowie and Elve Ap-Catesby Jones. His father had been injured while fighting in the American Revolution, and in 1782 married the young woman who had nursed him back to health. The Bowies moved frequently, first settling in Georgia, before moving to Kentucky. At the time of Bowie's birth, his father owned eight slaves, seven horses, eleven head of cattle, and one stud horse. The following year the family acquired 200 acres (80 ha) along the Red River. They sold that property in 1800 and relocated to Missouri before moving to Spanish Louisiana in 1802, where they settled on Bushley Bayou in Rapides Parish.^[2][3][4]

The Bowie family moved again in 1809, settling on Bayou Teche in Louisiana before finding a permanent home in Opelousas in 1812.^[5] The Bowie children were raised on the frontier and even as small children were expected to help clear the land and plant crops. All of the Bowie children learned to read and write in English, but Jim and his elder brother Rezin could also read, write, and speak Spanish and French fluently.^[6] The children learned to survive on the frontier, how to fish and run a farm and plantation. Jim Bowie became proficient with pistol, rifle, and knife,^[7] and had a reputation for fearlessness. As a boy one of his Indian friends even taught him to rope alligators.^[8]

In response to Andrew Jackson's plea for volunteers to fight the British in the War of 1812, Bowie and his brother Rezin enlisted in the Louisiana militia in late 1814. The war ended on December 24 that year with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, and the Bowie brothers arrived in New Orleans too late to participate in the fighting.^[9] After mustering out of the militia, Bowie settled in Rapides Parish,^[3][10] where he supported himself by sawing planks and lumber and floating it down the bayou for sale.^[3][11] In June 1819, he joined the Long expedition, an effort to liberate Texas from Spanish rule.^[12][13] The group encountered little resistance and, after capturing Nacogdoches, declared Texas an independent republic. The extent of Bowie's participation is unclear, but he returned to Louisiana before the invasion was repelled by Spanish troops.^[14][15]

[edit] Land speculator

Shortly before their father died in 1818 or 1819, he gave Bowie and his brother Rezin each ten servants, and horses and cattle. For the next seven years the brothers worked together to develop several large estates in Lafourche Parish and Opelousas.^[11] Louisiana's population was growing rapidly, and the brothers hoped to take advantage of its rising land prices by speculating in land. Without the capital required to buy large tracts,^[16] they entered into a partnership with pirate Jean Lafitte in 1818 to raise money. The United States had by then outlawed the importation of slaves, and most southern states allowed anyone who informed on a slave trader to receive half of what the imported slaves would earn at auction as a reward. Bowie made three trips to Lafitte's compound on Galveston Island. On each occasion he bought smuggled slaves and then took them directly to a customhouse to inform on himself. When the customs officers offered the slaves for auction, Bowie purchased them and received back half the price he had paid, as allowed by the state laws. He could then legally transport the slaves and resell them at a greater market value in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River.^[17][18] With this scheme the brothers collected $65,000 for their land speculation.^[19][18]

In 1825, the two brothers joined with their younger brother Stephen to buy Acadia, a plantation near Alexandria. Within two years they had established the first steam mill in Louisiana to be used for grinding sugar cane.^[3][11][20] The plantation became known as a model estate, but, on February 12, 1831, they sold it and 65 slaves for $90,000. With their profits, Bowie and Rezin bought a plantation in Arkansas.^[11]

Bowie and his brother John were involved in a major court case in the late 1820s over their land speculation. When the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory in 1803, it promised to honor all former land grant claims, and for the next 20 years efforts were made to establish who owned what land. In May 1824, Congress authorized the superior courts of each territory to hear suits from people who claimed they had been overlooked. The Arkansas Superior Court received 126 claims in late 1827 from residents who claimed to have purchased land in former Spanish grants from the Bowies. Although the Superior Court originally confirmed most of those claims, the decisions were reversed in February 1831, after further research showed that the land had never belonged to the Bowies, and that the original land grant documentation had been forged. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the reversal in 1833.^[21][22] When the disgruntled purchasers considered suing the Bowies, they discovered that the documents in the case had been removed from the court; left with no evidence, they declined to pursue a case.^[23]

[edit] Bowie knife

Bowie became internationally famous as a result of a feud with Norris Wright, the sheriff of Rapides Parish. Bowie had supported Wright's opponent in the race for sheriff, and Wright, a bank director, had been instrumental in turning down Bowie's loan application.^[24] After a confrontation in Alexandria one afternoon, Wright fired a shot at Bowie. The uninjured Bowie was enraged and tried to kill Wright with his bare hands. Wright's friends intervened and stopped the attack, after which Bowie resolved to carry his hunting knife at all times.^[25] The knife he carried had a huge blade that was 9.25 inches (23.5 cm) long and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) wide.^[26]

A Bowie knife

The following year, on September 19, 1827, Bowie and Wright attended a duel on a sandbar outside of Natchez, Mississippi. Bowie supported duelist Samuel Levi Wells III, while Wright supported Wells's opponent, Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox. The duelists each fired two shots, and, as neither man had been injured, resolved their duel with a handshake.^[27][28] Other members of the groups, who had various reasons for disliking each other, began fighting. Bowie was shot in the hip; after regaining his feet he drew a knife, described as a butcher knife, and charged his attacker. The attacker hit Bowie over the head with his empty pistol, breaking the pistol and knocking Bowie to the ground. Wright shot at and missed the prone Bowie, who returned fire and possibly hit Wright. Wright then drew his sword cane and impaled Bowie. When Wright attempted to retrieve his blade by placing his foot on Bowie's chest and tugging, Bowie pulled him down and disemboweled Wright with his knife.^[29][30] Wright died instantly, and Bowie, with Wright's sword still protruding from his chest, was shot again and stabbed by another member of the group. The doctors who had been present for the duel retrieved the bullets and patched Bowie's other wounds.^[31]

Newspapers picked up the story, which became known as the Sandbar Fight, and described in detail Bowie's fighting prowess and his knife. Witness accounts agreed that Bowie did not attack first, and the others had focused their attack on Bowie because "they considered him the most dangerous man among their opposition."^[32] The fight cemented Bowie's reputation across the South as a superb knife-fighter.^[20]

There is disagreement among scholars as to whether the knife used in this fight was the same kind of knife now known as a Bowie knife. Multiple accounts exist of who designed and built the first Bowie knife. Some claim that Bowie designed it, while others attribute the design to noted knifemakers of the time.^[33] However, in a letter to The Planter's Advocate, Rezin Bowie claimed to have invented the knife,^[34] and many Bowie family members and "most authorities on the Bowie knife tend to believe it was invented by" Rezin.^[35] Rezin Bowie's grandchildren, however, claimed that Rezin merely supervised his blacksmith, who actually created the knife.^[36]

After the Sandbar Fight, and subsequent battles in which Bowie successfully used his knife to defend himself, the Bowie knife became very popular. Many craftsmen and manufacturers made their own versions, and major cities of the Southwest had "Bowie knife schools", which taught "the art of cut, thrust, and parry."^[37] His fame, and that of his knife, spread to England, and by the early 1830s many British manufacturers were producing Bowie knives for shipment to the United States.^[38] The design of the knife continued to evolve, but today a Bowie knife is generally considered to have a blade 8.25 inches (21.0 cm) long and 1.25 inches (3.2 cm) wide, with a curved point, a "sharp false edge cut from both sides", and a cross-guard to protect the user's hands.^[39]

[edit] Establishment in Texas

After recovering from the wounds he suffered in the Sandbar Fight, Bowie decided in 1828 to move to Texas, at that time a state in the Mexican federation.^[40] The 1824 Constitution of Mexico banned religions other than Roman Catholicism and gave preference to Mexican citizens in receiving land.^[41] Bowie was baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in San Antonio on April 28, 1828, sponsored by the alcade (chief administrator) of the town, Juan Martin de Veramendi and his wife Josefa Navarro.^[42] For the next eighteen months Bowie travelled through Louisiana and Mississippi. In 1829, he became engaged to Cecilia Wells, who died in Alexandria on September 29, two weeks before their wedding.^[20][43]

On January 1, 1830, Bowie left Louisiana for permanent residency in Texas. He stopped at Nacogdoches, at Jared E. Groce's farm on the Brazos River, and in San Felipe, where Bowie presented a letter of introduction to Stephen F. Austin from Thomas F. McKinney, one of the Old Three Hundred colonists. On February 20, Bowie took an oath of allegiance to Mexico and then proceeded to San Antonio de Bexar.^[20] At the time the city, known as Bexar, had a population of 2,500 people, mostly of Mexican descent, and Bowie's fluency in Spanish helped him establish himself in the area.^[44] Bowie was elected a commander of the Texas Rangers later that year. Although the Rangers would not be officially organized until 1835, Stephen F. Austin had founded the group by employing thirty men to keep the peace and protect the colonists from attacks by hostile Indians. Other areas assembled similar volunteer militias, and Bowie commanded a group of the volunteers.^[45]

Bowie became a Mexican citizen on September 30, 1830, after promising to establish textile mills in the province of Coahuila y Tejas.^[45] To fulfill his promise, Bowie entered into partnership with Veramendi to build cotton and wool mills in Saltillo.^[46] With his citizenship assured, Bowie now had the right to buy up to eleven leagues of public land. He convinced fourteen or fifteen other citizens to apply for land and turn it over to him, giving him 700,000 acres (280,000 ha) to speculate with. Bowie may also have been the first to induce settlers to apply for empresario grants and then buy the land from them.^[46][47] The Mexican government passed laws in 1834 and 1835 that stopped much of the land speculation.^[48]

On April 25, 1831 Bowie married nineteen-year-old Maria Ursula de Veramendi, the daughter of his business partner, who had become the vice-governor of the province. Several days before the ceremony he signed a dowry contract, promising to pay his new bride 15,000 pesos (approximately $15,000) in cash or property within two years of the marriage. At the time Bowie claimed to have a net worth of $223,000, most in land of questionable title. Bowie also lied about his age, claiming to be 30 rather than 35.^[49] The couple built a house in San Antonio, on land Veramendi had given them near the San José Mission. After a short time, however, they moved into the Veramendi Palace, living with Ursula's parents, who supplied them with spending money.^[50] The couple had two children, Marie Elve, born March 20, 1832, and James Veramendi, born July 18, 1833.^[51]

[edit] San Saba Mine

Shortly after his marriage Bowie became fascinated with the story of the "lost" Los Almagres Mine, said to be west of San Antonio near the ruin of Santa Cruz de San Sabá Mission.^[26] The mine had been operated by local Indians before being seized by the Spanish. After Mexico won independence from Spain, government interest in the mines waned. A number of hostile Indian tribes roamed the area, including Comanche, Lipan Apache, and Karankawa, and without government troops to keep the tribes at bay, mining ceased. It was believed that after the Mexican citizens left the area, the Lipan Apaches took over the mines.^[51]

After obtaining permission from the Mexican government to mount an expedition into Indian territory to search for the legendary silver mine, Bowie, his brother Rezin, and nine others set out for San Saba on November 2, 1831. Six miles (ten km) from their goal, the group stopped to negotiate with a large Indian raiding party following them. The attempts at parley failed, and Bowie and his group fought for their lives for the next thirteen hours. When the Indians finally retreated, Bowie had reportedly lost only one man, while over forty Indians had been killed and thirty more wounded.^[19][26][52] In the meantime, a party of friendly Comanche Indians rode into San Antonio, bringing word of the raiding party, which outnumbered the Bowie expedition by 15–to–1. The citizens of San Antonio believed the members of the Bowie expedition must have perished, and Ursula Bowie began wearing widow's weeds.^[53]

To the surprise of the town, the surviving members of the group returned to San Antonio on December 6.^[53] Bowie's report of the expedition, written in Spanish, was printed in several newspapers, further establishing his reputation.^[54] He set out again with a larger force the following month, but returned home empty-handed after two and a half months of searching, .^[20]

Bowie never talked of his exploits despite his increasing fame.^[55] Captain William Y. Lacey, who spent eight months living in the wilderness with Bowie, described him as a humble man who never used profanity or vulgarities.^[56]

[edit] Texas Revolution

[edit] Texian rumblings

Between 1830 and 1832 the Mexican legislature passed a series of laws that seemed to discriminate against Anglo colonists in the province of Coahuila y Tejas, increasing tension between the Anglo citizenry and Mexican officials. In response to the rumblings, Mexican troops established military posts in several locations within the province, including San Antonio de Bexar.^[57][58] Although much of the military supported the administration of Mexican president Anastasio Bustamante, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna led an insurrection against him in 1832.^[59] Anglo colonists in Texas supported Santa Anna and General José Antonio Mexía, who led soldiers into Texas to oust commanders loyal to Bustamante.^[60]

After hearing that the Mexican army commander in Nacogdoches, Jose de las Piedras, had demanded that all residents in his area surrender their arms, Bowie cut short a visit to Natchez in July 1832 to return to Texas.^[20] On August 2, 1832, he joined a group of other Texians and marched into Nacogdoches to "present their demands" to Piedras.^[57] Before the group reached the building housing the town officials, they were attacked by a force of 100 Mexican cavalry. The Texians returned fire and, after the cavalry retreated, initiated a siege of the garrison.^[57] After a second battle in which Piedras lost 33 men, the Mexican army evacuated during the night. Bowie and eighteen companions ambushed the fleeing army and, after Piedras fled, marched the soldiers back to Nacogdoches.^[20] Bowie later served as a delegate to the Convention of 1833, which formally requested that Texas become its own state within the Mexican federation.^[61]

Antonio López de Santa Anna, president of Mexico, led the Mexican Army into Texas.

Several months later, a cholera epidemic struck Texas. Fearing the disease would reach San Antonio, Bowie sent his pregnant wife and their daughter to the family estate in Monclova in the company of her parents and brother. The cholera epidemic instead struck Monclova, and between September 6 and September 14, Ursula, their children, her brother, and her parents all died of the disease. Bowie, on business in Natchez, heard of his family's deaths in November. From then on, he drank heavily and became "careless in his dress".^[61]

The following year the Mexican government passed new laws allowing land sale in Texas, and Bowie returned to land speculation. He was appointed as a land commissioner, tasked with promoting settlement in the area purchased by John T. Mason. His appointment ended in May 1835, when Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the Coahuila y Tejas government and ordered the arrest of all Texians (including Bowie) doing business in Monclova. Bowie was forced to flee Monclova and return to the Anglo areas of Texas.^[20]

The Anglos in Texas began agitating for war against Santa Anna, and Bowie worked with William B. Travis, the leader of the War Party, to gain support. Bowie visited several Indian villages in East Texas in an attempt to convince the reluctant tribes to fight against the Mexican government. Santa Anna responded to the rumblings by ordering large numbers of Mexican troops to Texas.^[20]

[edit] Battle of Concepcion

The Texas Revolution began on October 2, 1835 with the Battle of Gonzales. Stephen F. Austin formed an army of 500 men to march on the Mexican forces in San Antonio with the cannon that had precipitated the fight. On October 22, he asked Bowie, now a colonel in the Texas Rangers, and James W. Fannin to scout the area around the missions of San Francisco de la Espada and San José y San Miguel de Aguayo and find supplies for the volunteer forces.^[62] The scouting party left with 92 men, many of them members of the New Orleans Grays who had just arrived in Texas. After discovering a good defensive position near Mission Concepción, the group requested that Austin's army join them.^[63]

On the foggy morning of October 28, Mexican General Domingo Ugartechea led a force of 300 infantry and cavalry soldiers and 2 small cannons against the Texian forces.^[64][65] Although the Mexican army was able to get within 200 yards (183 m), the Texian defensive position protected them from fire. As the Mexicans stopped to reload their cannon, the Texians climbed a bluff and picked off some of the soldiers. The stalemate ended shortly after Bowie led a charge to seize one of the Mexican cannons, at that time only 80 yards (73 m) away. Ugartechea retreated with his troops, ending the Battle of Concepcion. One Texian and ten Mexican troops had been killed.^[64][66] One of the men under Bowie's command during the battle later praised him "as a born leader, never needlessly spending a bullet or imperiling a life, who repeatedly admonished ... Keep under cover boys, and reserve your fire; we haven't a man to spare."^[66]

[edit] Grass Fight and commission difficulties

An hour after the battle ended, Austin arrived with the rest of the Texian army to begin a siege of Cos and his men.^[67] Two days later, Bowie resigned from Austin's army because he did not have an official commission in the army, and he disliked the "minor tasks of scouting and spying".^[68]

On November 3, 1835, Texas declared itself an independent state, and a provisional government was formed with Henry Smith of Brazoria elected provisional governor. Austin requested to be relieved of his command of the army, and Sam Houston was named army chief. Edward Burleson was chosen as temporary commander of the troops in San Antonio. Bowie appeared before the council at some point and spoke for an hour, asking for a commission.^[69] The council refused Bowie's request, likely from lingering animosity over his land dealings.^[70]

Houston offered Bowie a commission as an officer on his staff but Bowie rejected the opportunity, explaining that he wanted to be in the midst of the fighting.^[70] Instead, Bowie enlisted in the army as a private under Fannin.^[68][20] He distinguished himself again in the Grass Fight on November 26. Cos had sent 100 soldiers to cut grass for the horses.^[71] As they returned to San Antonio, Bowie took 60 mounted men to intercept the party,^[72] which they believed carried valuable cargo.^[71] The Mexican troops quickened their pace in the hopes of reaching the safety of the city, but Bowie and his cavalry chased them. At the end of the fight, the Texians had two wounded men, but had captured many horses and mules.^[72]

Shortly after Bowie left San Antonio, Ben Milam led an assault on the city. In the ensuing fighting, the Texians suffered only a few casualties, while the Mexican army lost many troops to death and desertion. Cos surrendered and returned to Mexico, taking with him the last Mexican troops in Texas. Believing the war was over, many of the Texian volunteers left the army and returned to their families.^[73] In early January 1836, Bowie went to San Felipe and asked the council to allow him to recruit a regiment. He was again turned down, as he "was not an officer of the government nor army."^[74]

[edit] Battle at the Alamo

After Houston received word that Santa Anna was leading a large force to San Antonio, Bowie offered to lead volunteers to defend the Alamo from the expected attack. He arrived with 30 men on January 19,^[75] where they found a force of 104 men with a few weapons and a few cannons but little supplies and gunpowder.^[76] Houston knew that there were not enough men to hold the fort in an attack and had given Bowie orders to remove the artillery and blow up the fortification. Bowie and the Alamo captain, James C. Neill, decided they did not have enough oxen to move the artillery, and they did not want to destroy the fortress. On January 26, one of Bowie's men, James Bonham, organized a rally which passed a resolution in favor of holding the Alamo. Bonham signed the resolution first, with Bowie's signature second.^[77]

The Alamo, circa 1846

Through Bowie's connections due to his marriage and his fluency in Spanish, the predominantly Mexican population of San Antonio often furnished him with information about the movements of the Mexican army. After learning that Santa Anna had 4,500 troops and was heading for the city,^[77] Bowie wrote several letters to the provisional government asking for help in defending the Alamo, especially "men, money, rifles, and cannon powder".^[78] In another letter, to Governor Smith, he reiterated his view that "the salvation of Texas depends in great measure on keeping Bexar out of the hands of the enemy. It serves as the frontier picquet guard, and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna, there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march toward the Sabine."^[78] The letter to Smith ended, "Colonel Neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy."^[78]

On February 3, William Travis arrived with an additional 30 troops, and several days later Davy Crockett appeared with twelve Tennesseans. Neill went on furlough on February 17 to visit his sick family, leaving Travis, a member of the regular army, in command.^[78] Bowie was older than Travis with a better reputation and considered himself a colonel, thus outranking Travis, a major.^[79][80] He refused to answer to Travis, who called an election for the men to choose their own commander. They chose Bowie, infuriating Travis.^[79] Bowie celebrated his appointment by getting very drunk and causing havoc in San Antonio, releasing all prisoners in the local jails and harassing citizens. Travis was disgusted, but two days later the men agreed to a joint command; Bowie would command the volunteers, and Travis would command the regular army and the volunteer cavalry.^[79][20]

Fearing for the safety of his wife's relatives in San Antonio, Bowie asked her cousins Getrudis Navarro and Juana Navarro Alsbury, as well as Alsbury's 18-month-old son, Alijo, to stay inside the walls of the Alamo.^[81] Bowie had been ill, and two doctors, including the fort surgeon, were unable to diagnose his illness.^[78] Travis became the sole commander of the forces when Bowie was confined to bed.^[82] Santa Anna and his army reached the outskirts of San Antonio de Bexar several days later^[83] and began a siege of the Alamo on February 24. The Mexican army raised a red flag to warn the defenders that no quarter would be given.^[84]

This image of Bowie's death was created by Charles A. Stephens.

Travis sent Juan Seguin to recruit reinforcements on February 25, and 32 additional men arrived.^[85] Thirty-five years after the Alamo fell, a reporter identified Louis "Moses" Rose as the only man to have "deserted" the Texian forces at the Alamo. According to the reporter's version of Rose's account, when Travis realized that the Mexican army would likely prevail, he drew a line in the sand and asked those willing to die for the cause to cross the line. At Bowie's request Crockett and several others carried the cot over the line, leaving Rose alone on the other side.^[86] After its publication, several other eyewitnesses confirmed the account,^[87][88] but as Rose was deceased the story can only be authenticated by the word of the reporter, who admitted to embellishing other articles, "and thus many historians refuse to believe it."^[88]

Bowie perished with the rest of the Alamo defenders on March 6, when the Mexicans attacked.^[20] Most of the noncombatants in the fort, including Bowie's relatives, survived.^[89] Santa Anna ordered the alcalde of San Antonio, Francisco Antonio Ruiz, to confirm the identities of Bowie, Travis, and Crockett.^[90] After first ordering that Bowie be buried, as he was too brave a man to be burned like a dog,^[91] Santa Anna later had Bowie's body placed with those of the other Texians on the funeral pyre.^[90]

When Bowie's mother was informed of his death, she calmly stated, "I'll wager no wounds were found in his back."^[92] Various eyewitnesses to the battle gave conflicting accounts of Bowie's death. A newspaper article claimed that a Mexican soldier saw Bowie carried from his room on his cot, alive, after the conclusion of the battle. The soldier maintained that Bowie verbally castigated a Mexican officer in fluent Spanish, and the officer ordered Bowie's tongue cut out and his still-breathing body thrown onto the funeral pyre. This account has been disputed by numerous other witnesses, and it is thought to have been invented by the reporter.^[93] Other witnesses maintained that they saw several Mexican soldiers enter Bowie's room, bayonet him, and carry him, alive, from the room.^[94] Various other stories circulated, with some witnesses claiming that Bowie shot himself and others saying he was killed by soldiers while too weak to lift his head.^[95] Alcade Ruiz said that Bowie was found "dead in his bed."^[95] The "most popular, and probably the most accurate"^[1] version is that Bowie died on his cot, "back braced against the wall, and using his pistols and his famous knife."^[95] One year after the battle, Juan Seguin returned to the Alamo and gathered the remaining ashes from the funeral pyre. He placed these in a coffin inscribed with the names of Bowie, Travis, and Crockett. The ashes were interred at the Cathedral of San Fernando.^[96]

[edit] Legacy

Despite his continual pronouncements of wealth, Bowie's estate was found to be very small. His possessions were auctioned for only $99.50.^[97] His larger legacy is his position as "one of the legendary characters of the American frontier".^[13] Bowie left a "frustratingly sparse paper trail" of his life, and, for many, "where history failed, the legends prevailed."^[98] Although Bowie's name and his knife were well-known during his lifetime, his legend grew beginning in October 1852, when DeBow's Review published an article written by his brother John Jones Bowie, called "Early Life in the Southwest—The Bowies." The article focused primarily on the exploits of Bowie.^[99] Beginning with that article, "romanticized stories" about Bowie began appearing in national press.^[98] In many cases, "these stories were pure melodrama, with Bowie rescuing some naïve planter's son or damsel in distress."^[98] Jim Bowie was posthumously inducted into the Blade Magazine Cutlery Hall of Fame at the 1988 Blade Show in Atlanta, Georgia in recognition for the impact that his eponymous design made upon generations of knife makers and cutlery companies.^[100]

A number of films have depicted the events of the Battle of the Alamo,^[101] and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956–1958, Bowie was the subject of a television show, The Adventures of Jim Bowie, which was set in 1830s Louisiana Territory.^[102] The show, which starred Scott Forbes, was based on the 1946 novel Tempered Blade.^[103]

Bowie is also the namesake of rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Jones. Jones changed his name in the 1960s because he feared his name was too similar to Davy Jones, a member of already famous The Monkees. He chose the surname Bowie because he admired James Bowie and the Bowie knife.^[104]